This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Īnderson DJ, Hodum PJ (1993) Predator behavior favors clumped nesting in an oceanic seabird. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. At the very end of the chapter, we consider mixed-species groups, the evolution of which appears to have been driven by a combination of social foraging benefits and the need to avoid predators. In the second part of this chapter, we focus upon the antipredatory costs and benefits to prey animals of grouping. We suggest that many of the costs and benefits of foraging together that we discus in the following sections will apply widely to many or all of these different resources, although of course the finer details of how competition for these actually plays out will depend upon the behaviours being studied and the species concerned. For example, the ways in which foragers interact and shape one another’s behaviour have been widely studied within the framework of social foraging (Giraldeau and Caraco 2000), while courtship and competition for mates have been considered under the umbrella of communication networks (McGregor 2005). In some cases, different lines of research have emerged to deal with different types of resource, each with their own terminology. Indeed, most of the principles discussed in this chapter may also be applied to animals that are searching for mates, water, minerals, nesting materials, tools or any other contestable item or substance that they may require in order to function. While a good number of the examples we cite consider predators – animals that actively search for and consume other living animals – most of the concepts we discuss are relevant to scavengers, herbivores, detritivores and drift feeders too. Here we use the term forager in a very broad sense. When animals forage together, their success, both in terms of finding resources and actually getting to consume them, is likely to be affected by the presence and behaviour of their group mates. ![]() ![]() The first part of this chapter considers matters from the perspective of the forager. Many animals are both predator and prey and must face the challenges of foraging and responding to the threat of predation simultaneously (Beauchamp 2013). ![]() At the same time, grouping can play an important role in determining how likely individuals are to end up becoming food for others. The social environment has a substantial effect upon the ability of animals to find and hold on to food and other vital resources.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |